Credit: VICE
For New Zealand Maori women, the moko kauae, or traditional female chin tattoo, is considered a physical manifestation of their true identity. It is believed every Maori woman wears a moko on the inside, close to their heart; when they are ready, the tattoo artist simply brings it out to the surface. Last month, Nanaia Mahuta became the first member of parliament in the world to wear a moko kauae. The 46-year-old made history not only because of her decision to wear her Maori identity on her face in a political arena, but as part of the resurgence in Maori women receiving the traditional ink.
"There were a number of milestones in my life, and it felt right to mark them in a way that is a positive statement about my identity," Nanaia (below) tells Broadly. "Who I am, where I come from, and the contribution I want to continue to make. When I got it done, I felt incredibly calm. I felt like it had always been there."
Nanaia's moko marked the anniversary of her father's death, and the designs incorporate the traditional carving patterns of her tribe, Ngati Maniapoto. But she also received the moko to inspire her three-year-old daughter. "As a young Maori woman I want my daughter to know that everything is at her fingertips; she just needs to reach forward and grab it."
Nanaia's first time in parliament wearing the moko was emotional. "There was a huge amount of pride from other Maori women," she recalls. "It's been an interesting thing. People look at you differently. It's a cultural marker, and it says clearly when I'm sitting round a table that I do represent a certain way of thinking."
Maori facial and body tattooing is known as Ta moko. An ancient art form, its origin lies in West Polynesia. The intricate designs were chiseled into the skin using a tool called an uhi; ink was then smudged into the carved lines. Ta moko represents the wearer's family heritage and social status—it is believed that the receiver visits a spiritual realm where they encounter their ancestors, returning as a new person.
For Maori women, as historian Michael King notes in his seminal book Moko, the moko was a rite of passage, marking the passage between girl and adulthood.
But from 1840, with the influx of English settlers, Maori were pushed from their lands and assimilation began. Colonial laws were passed banning what are known as tohunga, or Maori experts, and children were caned for speaking Maori at school. By the 1970s, the moko had all but died out. Only a few female elders carried it, and elsewhere facial tattoos had negative connotations; adopted by disaffected urban Maori, they became associated with gangs and crime.
Things started to change in the 1980s, with a push to revive Maori language and culture, and in recent years there has been a revival in the ancient practice among both elders and young Maori women. Ta moko artist Pip Hartley, 33, is one of a new generation of Maori who are carrying the art form forward. When she was 18 she started traveling to remote regions of the country to learn the ancient art, before opening her Auckland tattoo studio, Karanga Ink, this year.
The moko process is intensely personal, Pip tells Broadly. "I prefer to draw straight onto the person, because it's an exchange of wairua, or energy. It's working with the contours of their body and translating their story, and for a lot of people it's a transformative experience. Every time they see it, it's a reminder of what they've achieved, and that their tupuna [ancestors] have their back."
When a woman is ready to receive her moko kauae, there is an internal calling, Pip says. "It's definitely them representing their culture and making a commitment to it, and having a closer connection to their ancestors. There are people who might look at it with one eyebrow up, not understanding it, but I think that is something these wahine [women] are ready for—to feel confident within themselves. I can't wait to get mine."
For weaver Jude Hoani, receiving her moko last year was about defining who she is. "I've got one of those faces that can fit in many cultures," she tells Broadly, "and for me it was about making a statement about who I am in relation to this country. I'd been thinking about it for the past 20 years."
Jude (below) first broached the subject with her late husband. "He said, 'I don't want you to have it done.' I said 'Well, it's not your business, and you're not part of the decision-making process at all, and you need to understand that." Her cousin, renowned ta moko artist Gordon Toi, would tease Jude, telling her: "I've got a seat for you on my table."
When Jude's older brother died of kidney failure, her decision was made. "We were very, very close. Around that time, Gordon just sort of reappeared in my life, and I said, 'Well, I'm ready to get on your table.' "
Jude says the actual tattooing, which took half an hour using a regular tattoo gun, wasn't painful. "It was more uncomfortable. A quarter of orange in the mouth to bite on, and we were done." The design on her chin is a stylised ruru, or owl. According to Maori tradition, the ruru is the kaitiaki (guardian) of the chin. Her moko also has elements of a carving design particular to her tribe, Ngapuhi.
Since receiving her moko, Jude says she feels more visible. "A lot of people in my town who had never spoken to me started talking to me. They actually see me, they look at me, they look at my face, they look into my eyes."
"I was speaking to a Pakeha [white New Zealander] friend of mine the other day who is in her seventies," Jude adds. "She was telling me she likes going into the city less and less because when she stands at a counter she gets ignored. She said: 'I'm sure it's because of my age.' Now that I have this moko, that doesn't happen to me. I'm not invisible."
Forty-eight year old Benita Tahuri (below) spent more than half her life thinking about getting her moko, a time that was about average for the women Broadly spoke to. "I always knew inside I wanted one, and after going through a lot of life changes and challenges and much contemplation, I knew it was the right thing for me to do," she says.
"For me it spoke of healing, reflection, and empowerment and identity. It wasn't any conscious kind of thought—the physical manifestation of moko kauae is the end of a journey."
"There's a lot of thinking that not anyone can wear one, that you've got to earn it," Benita explains. "But my belief is that if you're Maori, this is your birthright. No-one can stop you if you think it's right for you. It's something that was normal, and became not normal. We've had to struggle to get back so many things, so we shouldn't put up barriers."
Benita is of the Ngati Kahungunu and Tuhoe tribes. She grew up in the small town of Wairoa, in New Zealand's North Island. The local pub had an unspoken rule: the back bar was for Maori, and the front bar for Pakeha [whites]. No-one spoke Maori in public. She moved to the city and sent her children to Maori immersion schools, and now her daughters Honey (23) and Anahera (25) have their own moko.
"I wanted [the moko] to be part of what was normal for them," their mother explains. "For me it was more of a process, but for them it was just what they did. And that's when it's special. You know, you can't just put it away, like if you have a tattoo you wear a shirt and it's covered. It's there for life. It's a commitment to yourself and your identity.
"It's saying 'I stand in who I am, and this is who I am.' "
As the needle pierced Drina Paratene's skin, she felt nothing but peace. "I had been mentally preparing myself," says the 52-year-old (pictured below). "We said karakia[prayers] before we started. I was expecting quite a high level of pain, and I had none at all."
Lying on the floor at home, Drina received her moko from artist Pip Hartley. Pip used the traditional tool, the uhi, which in pre-colonial times was a chisel made of bone, dipped into pigment and then used to cut the skin. Pip uses a needle in her uhi, hand-tapping the ink into the skin in the traditional technique.
"I wanted her to use [the uhi] because it connects us to our ancestors and their experiences," says Drina, a Maori language teacher. "I thought 'Okay, it's probably going to get worse than this,' but I lay there for six hours and there was no pain at all."
Drina was part of the Kohanga Reo political movement, which pushed to revive Maori language in the early 80s. "I wanted to be part of the collective group of women who are wearing moko kauae to revitalise this tikanga [custom], so we could normalise it in our society," she says. Drina's moko symbolises the three values she believes are essential to a meaningful life: The first is tika, or honesty and integrity; the second is pono, or belief in a higher spiritual order; and the third is aroha, meaning love.
"I wanted to [impart] those values to my children and grandchildren," she says. "When they look at my moko kauae there's a message, and that's around living a purposeful life."
VICE.
